Research & Publications
Papers, reports, and responses
Research papers, policy responses, and project reports from the Green Software Foundation's working groups — advancing standards and aligning them with global sustainability regulation and frameworks.
Original research, analysis, and positions authored by the Green Software Foundation. Papers make a case, present findings, or propose a framework.
Software Carbon Intensity for AI and EU AI Act Environmental Compliance
A Framework for Measuring and Reducing AI's Climate Impact
How SCI for AI provides a comprehensive methodology for measuring and reducing AI's climate impact, exceeding current EU AI Act environmental documentation requirements.
Read more →
Leveraging the Software Carbon Intensity (SCI) Standard for CSRD Compliance
A Strategic Framework for European Organizations
How the SCI standard (ISO/IEC 21031:2024) can help European organizations measure, report, and reduce software-specific carbon emissions within the CSRD and ESRS E1 reporting framework.
Read more →
Formal replies to external consultations, regulations, or standards. Written in reaction to someone else's process.
Data Centres as Flexible Grid Participants
Software, Storage, and System Design for Great Britain's Demand Connections Reform
GSF response to Ofgem's Demand Connections Reform call for input, examining how software-controlled flexibility in data centres can help address Great Britain's connections crisis.
Read more →
Response to GHG Protocol Scope 2 Public Consultation
Selected Questions and GSF Responses
GSF's formal response to the GHG Protocol Scope 2 proposed revisions, advocating for hourly granularity in carbon accounting to enable carbon-aware software operations.
Read more →
Documents that record an outcome, process, or state of affairs. Assembly reports, workshop summaries, and annual reviews.
SCI for Web Assembly Report
Consensus Design Document for Measuring Web Application Carbon Intensity
The full consensus design document for SCI for Web, created by 14 GSF members through an AI-assisted assembly process. Covers scope definition, target personas, existing tool evaluation, and implementation practices.
Read more →
SCI for AI Assembly Report
Defining the GSF Approach to AI Measurement and Evaluating Existing Metrics
In early 2025, AI experts from GSF member organisations participated in workshops to define the GSF approach to AI measurement and evaluate existing metrics. This report shares the outcomes that laid the groundwork for the SCI for AI specification.
Read more →
Green AI Position Paper
Defining Green AI, Assessing Lifecycle Impacts, and Outlining Key Actions
In a series of workshops in 2024, members of the GSF Green AI Committee defined Green AI, assessed its environmental impacts across the AI lifecycle, and outlined key actions for AI sustainability.
Read more →